Environmental Analysis Essay

This article pore on using the KM baffle to examine a bulletproofs impertinent surround schemeatically. The KM exercise divides a upstandings orthogonal surroundings into 4 interdependent and strategicalally relevant social classs. By understanding the changes and trends in apiece layer as well as the interactive relationships across these layers, companies could range the emergent needs and trends in the foreign environment. The model facilitates an orderly and strong way to aim gaps amongst a firms versed operations and changes in its outside(a) environment.The KM model go outs a platform for incorporating about existing strategic compend tools to obtain a state roomy view of a firms extraneous environment, and fend fors companies to set their spheric strategic positions accordingly. groundwork Comprehensive and systematic outline of a firms out-of-door environment provides management better planning and decision-making capabilities. The formulation of effective strategies often depends on whether a firms compendium reflects the changing environment.M each tools have been developed to examine environmental factors in the strategic analysis change. expletive model looks at the political, economical, social and technological factors to analyze the macroeconomic situation of the firm (Narayanan and Fahey, 2001). Porters five forces model analyzes a firms constancy by looking at other existing companies, potential red-hot companies, substitutes for products, suppliers and customers (Porter, 1979). Porters value ambit identifies a firms primordial and support activities.The fundamental principle of the model is that primary and support activities contri thoe to both firms costs as well as the advocate for a firm to deliver value to its customers (Porter, 1985). SWOT c circumstancesh identifies a firms strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. no-account sea strategy argues that firms employing a blue marine strategy are deliberately redefining existing industry boundaries and creating uncontested commercialize spaces as a source of competitive advantage.It suggests that firms engaging in blue ocean strategy see the barriers to competition are non only surmountable, just also present opportunities for untapped revenues (Kim and Mauborgne, 2005). The Diamond-E framework emphasizes that a firms boffo performance depends on having high consistency among the firms internal environment, its strategy and the external environment (Fry and Killing, 1989). Crossan et. al. (2009) introduced a five-step framework to conduct environmental analysis.monoamine oxidase and Kao (2008) proposed the KM model as a framework to guide systematic and comprehensive strategic analysis. However, increasing international competition, advancement of engineering science, incomplete information, economical crises and a wide range of uncertainties has made the analysis of the environment more than challenging and diff icult. Not only it is difficult to identify relevant environmental impacts, practitioners also take chances it difficult to relate the overall macroeconomic factors directly to the firms internal operations.We believe that practitioners would benefit from a framework that bequeathing support them to come up and analyze the continuous external changes and trends by 1) defining the relevant macro-environment from the global level to strategically relevant segments in the environment such as the firms focused countries, industries and supply duress, 2) relating the impacts of macro-environmental factors to the firms internal operations by fol petty(a)ing a prescriptive and systematic approach, and 3) identify the gaps between the external environment and internal operations.The KM model provides a structure to facilitate this process. In the following sections, the description, structure and applications of KM model for environmental analysis will be discussed. DESCRIPTION OF KM prototype The KM model is a framework that guides a comprehensive and systematic strategic analysis for a firm. It provides a detailed structure for environmental analysis. It is constructed based on four premises about the environment of a company. First, a firms 467 survival depends on how well it lodges to changes in the environment.The environment is dynamic and always changing. Only companies that potentiometer continuously provide products and services needed by the changing external environment will achieve sustainability. Second, a firms external environment has multiple layers. These layers are interdependent and interactive with each Value Chain S E S E other. The firms sustainability is greatly affected by the changes and interactions among these layers. Third, each layer of the external T P environment is beingness shaped by both current andE past macroeconomic forces.Firms have to understand these forces in order to S Supply Chain understand the environment. Forth, t he external environment is affected by cultural differences. E S P T The KM model divides a firms external environmentRelated Industries into four interdependent and strategically relevant layers. By understanding the changes and trends in each layer as well as the interactive relationships across these layers, companies could identify the emerging P needs and opportunities in its external environment.The KM model provides aT platform for incorporating most existing strategic analysis tools to obtain a comprehensive view of aFocusedexternal environment. The model facilitates an orderly and effective way to firms Countries identify gaps between a firms internal operations and changes in its external environment. P T In additional to the multiple layers in the external environment, the KM model also incorporates time as another ratio in the global Market model.By studying the changes occurred in the past and present, the model facilitates managers to accumulate knowledge about the e xternal environment. This incremental learning process often allows better prediction of early trends in the external environment, Figure 1 The KM future strategic which may give the firm a competitive edge in formulatingModel Structure positions in the global marketplace. The structure of the KM model is described blow (see Figure 1). 1) A firm exists in a multi-layered environment.With the firms value compass sitting on top, the external environment is represented in four layers the supply chain, related industries, focused countries and the global Market. The structure illustrates that all layers of the external environment form the building blocks that support the firms existence. 2) Each layer is being shaped and control by its own political, economical, social and technological macroeconomic forces, as noted as P, E, S, T in the corners of each layer. 3) Layers in the firms external environment are interactive and interdependent.Any change caused by the PEST forces in one layer will trigger ripple effects in all other layers. 4) The structure is dynamic and robust. Figure 1 only represents a snapshot of a continuous interactive process of a firms external environment overtime. Understanding the past and current states of each layer will swear out predict future changes and trends. Hence, historical changes and trends in any layer are implied in the KM model. This structure provides a birds-eye view of the firm and its environment.It guides practitioners to systematically observe and understand changes and trends in the external environment. Using this structure, practitioners will be able to comprehensively analyze relationships between the firm and its environment. In the next section, how to apply the KM Model to analyze a firms external environment and to identify the gaps between a firms external environment and its current operations will be presented. APPLICATAION OF KM MODEL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSISThe objectives of using the KM model for environmental analysis are the following Objective 1 To define the external environment of a firm from the global level to strategically relevant segments in the environment such as the firms focused countries, related industries and supply chains Objective 2 To relate the impacts of macroeconomic factors to the firms internal operations by following a systematic approach Objective 3 To identity the gaps between the external environment and internal operations Described below is a six-step process to help practitioners to achieve these objectives.For objective 1 musical note 1 Divide the firms environment into different layers based on the structure in KM model. footstep 2 468 Identify the components of each layer in the environment. For objective 2 yard 3 Observe the external environment from the bottom layer of global market to the firms supply chain. Identify major forces, changes, trends and opportunities in each layer by applying appropriate strategic analysis tools. Step 4 Based on the observation, identify impacts of major changes and emerging needs of the external environment on the firms operation and sustainability.For objective 3 Step 5 Identify gaps between firms value chain and the needs and changes in the external environment that may affect the firms sustainability. Step 6 crush the firms value chain to identify resources and core competencies. Evaluate whether the firm has the ability to bridge these major gaps in the existing environment. Step 7 Decide to stay in the existing environment if gaps can be bridged effectively. Consider move to a new environment if gaps cannot be bridged effectively. Step 8 Conduct steps 1 to 7 on a routine basis.The KM model has been used to conduct strategic analysis and provide strategic recommendations for firms in the service and manufacturing sectors, including automobile industry, food, technology, medical as well as non-profit organizations for consulting and managing purposes. It was also adopted as a teaching tool in executive director MBA classes to help students analyze their companies. Given that the focus of this paper is on environmental analysis, included in the appendix of this paper is an example how the KM model was employ in analyzing parliamentary procedure SpAs external environment.SUMMARY The environmental analysis component of the KM model presented in this paper provides a framework to systematically analyze the external environment of a firm. The model examines external environments by analyzing the political, economical, social and technological impacts in the context of a firms supply chain, related industries, focused countries and the global market. It also incorporates historical trends and cultural influences in the analysis process.By following the proposed steps, practitioners can examine the external environment of a firm using currently existing strategic analysis tools such as Porters value chain, PEST, Diamond E, Porters five forces, SWOT, etc. In addition, the KM model will help companies identify the gaps between the external environment and internal operations. Once the gaps are identified, companies can set their strategic directions accordingly. The KM strategic analysis model is in the process of being further developed and refined.Modifications and improvements will be presented in future studies. APPENDIX FIAT SpA Environmental Analysis, 2009 After a successful turnaround from 2004, revisal, an Italian automobile manufacturer became profitable again in 2007. However, fountainhead into 2009, the environment for auto industry has changed dramatically. Factors such as decreasing europiuman sales, stronger competition from Japanese and German auto entertainrs, the emergence of new low cost Asiatic manufacturers, changing judicature policies, and global economical crisis have brought Fiat to a cross road again.This example demonstrates how the KM model is used to analyze the external environmental of Fiat SpA. Environ mental Analysis In this section, the internal and external environments will be analyzed. The objectives of the environmental analysis are to 1)identify external environment changes and internal environment of the firm, and 2)articulate the implications to see if there is a need to change 469 as well as the direction and timing of the changes. This analysis will also help identify the core competence and key success factors of FIAT.The analyses are grouped into three parts. First, the KM model and PEST is used to analyze the internal and external environment of FIAT. The second part of the analysis focused on identifying the gaps between FIATs current position and the global environment. A SWOT analysis was conducted as the third part of this analysis. The goal is to identify its resources and core competencies to further evaluate whether the firm has the ability to bridge the major gaps in the existing environment. Step 1 Divide Fiats environment into five layers based on the struc ture in KM model. Fiats value chain Fiats supply chain Fiats related industries Fiats focused countries The global market place Step 2 Identify the components of each layer in the environment. Fiats value chain Fiat has an automobile manufacturers value chain. Fiats supply chain Fiat depends on a global supply chain from its suppliers network and delivers its products and services through distributors to consumers. Fiats related industries The Fiat group also manufacture other industrial equipments besides automobiles. Fiats focused countries Fiat has a global presence with a of import focus on European countries and has no establishment in the U. S. market until 2009. The global market place the global economical conditions and trends in general. Step 3 Observe the external environment from the bottom layer of global market to the firms supply chain. Identify major forces, changes, trends and opportunities in each layer by applying appropriate strategic analysis tools. Ste p 4 Based on the observation, identify impacts of major changes and emerging needs of the external environment on the firms operation and sustainability.Global Market Place Economical o Global economical downturn/crisis o fall consumer buying power in North the States and Europe o Increasing car consumption in Asia especially in China Political/Legal o governments still support global trade o there are signs of national protectionism o tougher laws in car emission o Trend of more government involvement and regulations in the market and parsimony Social Cultural o Consumer behavior changing from large/ grease-gun hunger cars to smaller gas efficient/green cars. o More conflicts in society and between management and the workers such as bossnaping callable to economical crisis.Technological o Global trend in green technology and gas efficient cars o Technology advancement causes decreasing gaps between high-tech companies in developed countries and low tech company in developing countries such as China and India Implications Fiat needs to identify what are the opportunities in the time of crisis. Government support is master(prenominal). Economical downturn gives more power to the management to deal with union and other HR management issues but also give more risks. Consumer and efficacious trend toward gas efficient cars and green technology. More competitions in the traditional car markets as new players joining from low cost countries due to technology advancement. 470 Focused Countries/regions (use PEST to identify general local market trend and Fiats market positions in these specific markets) Region Highlight of PEST Market Position of FIAT Europe Global economical crisis is hurting Leading auto maker European economy badly Sales return dramatically in Social crisis due to economical Europe in 2008 downturn and loss of jobs Sales primarily rely on Europe Decreasing consumer confidence and buying power U. S. Financial and economical crisi s started There is no establishment for Fiat from the U. S. is going deeper in the U. S. and Canada market, Heavy government the biggest auto market in the world involvement/management in the auto industry. want of small car/green technology (Big three) Asia Economical crisis hurt export economy There is no prodigious in China and India badly establishment for Fiat except Growing auto market with car sales about partnership with few Chinese/Indian companies. increasing in China every month Consumer trend in purchasing import luxury cars in China.Latin America Growing auto market Car sales in Latin America Economical crisis hurt export badly. especially in Brazil are successful. Slow growth expected as much of Latin Competition increased (from 25 models in 1992 to more than 100 America depends on trade with the United States (which absorbs half of models in 2005) Latin Americas exports, alone, for example). Banking regulations and policies changes due to financial cris is. Implications Too much depending on one market Europe Decreasing European sales indicating red ocean competition. No significant development in the world largest auto market U.S. No significant development in the world largest emerging market China and India vehementer competition in Latin America indicates the need to adjust local strategy. The impacts from the Big tierces struggling for survival in the U. S. can be considered as an opportunity. Japanese, Korean and other companies from Europe are suffering from decreased sales. Comparing to the global auto volume car makers, Fiat is still a small company. Industry (Use Porters and KM industrial positioning) Porters Model Suppliers Power unbiased Supplier network in Europe is strong Lack of own supply network in Asia and the U.S. Customers Power strong. Changing preferences and buying habit due to economical crisis. Different, segmented market needs and demand in Europe, North America, Latin America and Asia . Power strong. Global auto industry is saturated with new players joining at a fast speed Competitors 471 and low cost. Fiat has no significant influence in important Asian markets such as China and India Fiat has the leading position in the European auto industry. Big Three tumbling Japanese, European competitors are very strong mod Asian competitors from China, India in back mirror but not big enough yet.Power low Comparatively lower than before due to government support from Asian and Eastern Europe. More emerging low cost auto makers in the past 10 years. Power strong A lot of substitutions can replace partial or complete functions of cars. Low cost players are trying to get into the world market from India and China. Fiat is considered as a niche player in certain regional markets. Barriers to Entry Substitutions Implications Market segmented, no single market can support sustainability Severe competition in the industry in all global markets.Each market needs t o be dealt with different local preferences. A strong global supply chain network is needed to support global operations. Red ocean and pink ocean competitions, needs to create blue ocean. Current position safe but not sustainable. Stronger competition indicates overall strategy has to be adjusted Opportunities lie with the tumbling of the Big Three losing their competitive positions Sense of urgency to adjust to adapt to global changes in the industry.Global Supply Chain Fiats global supply chain is strong in Europe Indirect but not necessary efficient/effective access to other markets through strategic alliances such as Tata and Cherry, GM often competitors too. Value Chain essential activities efficient production of small cars and high end sports cars Improved customer services Strong Management skills and leadership, efficiency Fuel efficient technology Strong R&D capability and ability Lean production Efficient structure and control systems. Global mentality, l ong history of global partnerships. Summary Observations international Environment Global competition/ red ocean/ Factors critical to FIATs sustainability Economy of scale 5. 5 M per year Control of market channel in key market for current and future Technology Product line/combinations Internal Environment Existing business model is not sustainable if stays focus only on limited Europe market, 472 limited product lines without establishment in major mature and emerging markets.Competing on cost is given but competing on cost with Asian companies in traditional competition is not sustainable without control of distribution networks and technology variety and government support. Change is must, expansion is must. Global supply chain Structure and systems HR The observations and factors critical to FIATs sustainability identified in this section will be used in Part II of the analysis gaps of FIATs current operations, and later in this report to identify alternatives and decision criteria.Step 5 Identify gaps between firms value chain and the needs and changes in the external environment that may affect the firms sustainability. GAP Analysis In this is part, gaps at each level of the KM Model are identified to see if FIATs current model fit the changing environment in order for it to sustain the global competition. Gaps in competing globally Value chain Lack of global production capability, especially in two important global markets North America and Asia. Lack of product lines important mid-size cars and larger cars production expertise. Lack of forward transmit in the above markets critical to future survival. Lack of global brand reputation to its small size, fuel-efficient cars Supply chain Too much rely on European supply chain, no capability to efficiently supply globally Fragmented, not effective global supply chain Lack of forward channels in global market Lack of backward channels in global market Industry Lack of economy of scale to compete in the global market Is a niche player but does not occupy primary markets Although good at small size/gas efficient cars, insufficiency of mid-size/larger family size cars to compete in major markets such as U.S. market Focused countries and global No establishment of production and forward channels in North markets American and Asian markets Overly depends on Europe sales Bad old reputation in the U. S. market Implications Major changes in the external environment, such as the global recession, decreasing European sales, the changing customer preferences and government policies are reshaping the environments Fiats future relies on. As a niche player, Fiats current value chain is no longer fitting the changing environments.Major gaps listed below have to be bridged in order to achieve sustainability for the company. Lack of product lines important mid-size cars and larger cars production expertise to compete in major international markets Overly depends on Eur ope sales and no establishment of production and forward channels in North American and Asian markets Lack of economy of scale to compete in the global market Lack of global brand reputation to its small size, fuel-efficient cars Step 6 Analyze the firms value chain to identify resources and core competencies.Evaluate whether the firm has the ability to bridge these major gaps in the existing environment. SWOT Analysis and FIATs nerve Competencies 473 Strength and Core Competencies Strong management and leadership Successful restructuring before the global crisis gave Fiat a good position to compete for future Efficient production system Fuel-efficient and small car technology Experienced in joint ventures, licensing An environmentally friendly automaker pro-green customers likeWeakness Threats Overly rely on the European market Overly reply on the leadership of the CEO No establishment in other major markets except South America Lack of global economy of scale Only selling just over 2 million units per year Lack of product lines (mid-size, large size cars and trucks) for important global markets. Technological challenge of implementing Fiats technology into Chrysler vehicles Lack of brand name reputation in the U. S.Global recession Industry wide overcapacity and productivity Decreasing European sales Emerging low cost competitors from Asia Strong existing Japanese, European competitors Competitors copy successful business models Rising barren material prices such as steel Strong Euro hurts exporting Risk of the company spreads itself too thin and grows too fast constrained fund-raising options Consumer losing confidence in economy hurts large item purchases. Debt and cash flow Risk of bad union relations due to expansionOpportunities Global economical crisis brought down competitors, provide opportunities for well managed companies like Fiat Government support Changing customer preferences toward fuel efficient cars Emerging market in Asia and South America Implications In order for Fiat to be sustainable, the company has to explore and secure the opportunities based on its core competencies as not all the opportunities are realistic to Fiats future development. Fiat has to be very careful when it chooses opportunities to be the target in its business plan.Step 7 Decide to stay in the existing environment if gaps can be bridged effectively. Consider move to a new environment if gaps cannot be bridged effectively. Based on the KM strategic analysis for Fiats environment, Fiat needs to make a decision whether it should stay in the automobile industry based on its core competencies and strengths. If it decides to stay, it should make adjustments through its value chain to adapt to the changing global markets. It should, for example, consider expanding to the North America auto market and the emerging markets in order to expire its profitability as a global player.Once Fiat establishes its global presence and profitability, it can then determine the role of its auto division in the global markets. Step 8 Conduct steps 1 to 7 on a routine basis. The example demonstrated how the external environmental analysis for Fiat could be analyzed by using the KM model. REFERENCES 474 Crossan, M. M. , Fry, J. N. , and Killing, J. P. (2009) Strategic Analysis and Action, Toronto Pearson Education Canada. Mao, T. and Kao, D. (2008) Lecture Notes for International Business Management, MBA for Managers and Professionals, Center for Executive Education, University of Windsor.Kim, W. C. and Mauborgne, R. (2005) Blue Ocean Strategy How to Create Uncontested market Space and Make the Competition Irrelevant, Boston, Mass. Harvard Business School Press. Narayanan, V. K. and Fahey, L. (2001) Macroenvironmental Analysis Understanding the Environment outside the Industry, The take-away MBA in Strategy, 2nd edition. New York Wiley, p. 189-214. Porter, M. E. (1979) How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy, Harva rd Business Review, Vol. 57, March-April, p. 137. Porter, M. E. (1985) Competitive Advantage Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. 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